The founding mission of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) was visionary and broad鈥攆rom understanding the basic biology of aging to enhancing care, quality, and outcomes for older adults. Their investment and vision have led to innovative research in biological sciences exemplified by identification of about a dozen cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive both aging and several chronic diseases.1 These advances have given rise to the geroscience hypothesis and the field of geroscience. The geroscience hypothesis states that interventions modifying biological mechanisms of aging (gerotherapeutics) might prevent, delay, or alleviate several age-related diseases simultaneously, lengthening the lifespan and, more importantly, increasing the health span, defined as the length of life without illness or disability.1,2 Thus, geroscience focuses on translational applications that hold the potential to alter the course of aging and chronic diseases (Box).