Mathias J. Holmberg, MD, MPH, PhD; Lars W. Andersen, MD, MPH, PhD, DMSc
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JAMA. 2022;327(13):1282-1283. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.1820
This JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods describes collider bias, illustrates examples in directed acyclic graphs, and explains how it can threaten the internal validity of a study and the accurate estimation of causal relationships in randomized clinical trials and observational studies.