Editor in Chief Howard Bauchner, MD
Executive Editor Phil B. Fontanarosa, MD, MBA
Deputy Editors Michael Berkwits, MD, MSCE (Electronic Editor), Gregory Curfman, MD (Author Outreach), Robert M. Golub, MD (Scientific Content), Edward H. Livingston, MD (Clinical Reviews and Education), Mary McGrae McDermott, MD (Clinical Reviews and Education); Jody W. Zylke, MD (Letters Editor)
Executive Managing Editor Annette Flanagin
Managing Editor Stacy L. Christiansen
Senior Editors Philip Greenland, MD, Christopher C. Muth, MD
Associate Editors Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH, Ethan Basch, MD, Linda Brubaker, MD, Rafael Campo, MD, MA, Anne Rentoumis Cappola, MD, ScM, Thomas B. Cole, MD, MPH, Carolyn J. Crandall, MD, MS, W. Gregory Feero, MD, PhD, Donald C. Goff, MD, Jill Jin, MD, MPH, Karen E. Joynt Maddox, MD, MPH, Demetrios N. Kyriacou, MD, PhD, Preeti N. Malani, MD, MSJ, David H. Mark, MD, MPH, George T. O’Connor, MD, MS, Eric D. Peterson, MD, MPH, Richard Saitz, MD, MPH, Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, Deborah Schrag, MD, MPH, David Schriger, MD, MPH, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, MD, MPH, ScD
Statistical Reviewers Lars W. Andersen, MD, PhD, MPH, Thomas D. Koepsell, MD, MPH, Roger J. Lewis, MD, PhD, Matthew L. Maciejewski, PhD, Christopher J. Paciorek, PhD, Michael J. Pencina, PhD, Denise M. Scholtens, PhD, Naomi Vaisrub, PhD, Joseph S. Wislar, MS, Alan B. Zonderman, PhD
Fishbein Fellow Angel Desai, MD
Legal and Global Health Correspondent Lawrence O. Gostin, JD
Medical News & Perspectives Feyza Sancar, PhD (editor); Rebecca Voelker, MSJ (associate managing editor); Jennifer Abbasi, Rita Rubin (senior staff writers); Joan Stephenson, PhD (consulting editor)
Assistant Editors Kate Pezalla, Jennifer Reiling
Manuscript Editing Miriam Y. Cintron (assistant managing editor); Kim S. P. Campbell, Emily A. Greenhow, Joy K. Jaeger, Phil Sefton, Beverly Stewart (senior manuscript editors); Nicole FioRito (manuscript editor); Cara Wallace (freelance manuscript editor)
Editorial Graphics Karen Bucher, Andy Rekito (managers and senior medical illustrators); Lohitha Kethu, Nicholas Reback (medical illustrators); David Song (editorial graphics coordinator)
Digital Media Production Eric Butkus (manager); Elena Guobyte, Emily Ling, Jesse McQuarters, Daniel Morrow (producers)
Social Media Eman Hassaballa Aly (manager); Reuben Rios (coordinator)
Electronic Media Systems and Services Mary Lynn Ferkaluk (manager)
Editorial Systems and Services Monica Mungle (director); Lee Calibeo (programmer analyst); Caroline Sietmann (author outreach administrator); Lenette Gardner-Gullens (electronic input supervisor); Fanny L. Brown, Tosca Hall, Kenneth Otani, Angelia Waltower (electronic input assistants)
Content Management System Larry Bryant (director); Erin Kato (systems administrator)
Editorial Systems and Administration Jacob Kendall-Taylor (director); Rachell M. Lozano (configuration and support specialist); Anna Bukowski (systems specialist)
Budgets and Administration Marla A. Hall (director); Cheryl Sykes (supervisor); Deanna Willis (executive assistant); Yolanda Davis (copyright/library services coordinator)
Editorial Assistants Carmina Conley, Dawn Cortez, Audrey Forman, Lisa Hardin, Rosa E. Miranda, Lupe Morales, Sylvia Orellana, Josie Sheehy, Gloria Tate, Wendy Whitehead, Nish Wise
Editorial Counsel Joseph P. Thornton, JD
Media Relations Deanna Bellandi (manager), Jim Michalski
Christine K. Cassel, MD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Francisco G. Cigarroa, MD, San Antonio, Texas
Carolyn M. Clancy, MD, Silver Spring, Maryland
Patrick Conway, MD, MSc, Durham, North Carolina
David M. Cutler, PhD, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Roger I. Glass, MD, PhD, Bethesda, Maryland
Lee Goldman, MD, MPH, New York, New York
Howard K. Koh, MD, MPH, Boston, Massachusetts
Elizabeth A. McGlynn, PhD, Pasadena, California
Raina M. Merchant, MD, MSHP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Steven E. Nissen, MD, Cleveland, Ohio
Griffin Rodgers, MD, Bethesda, Maryland
Joshua M. Sharfstein, MD, Baltimore, Maryland
Harold C. Sox, MD, Hanover, New Hampshire
Everett E. Vokes, MD, Chicago, Illinois
John E. L. Wong, MBBS, Singapore
Nathan S. Davis, MD (1883-1888)
John B. Hamilton, MD (1889, 1893-1898)
John H. Hollister, MD (1889-1891)
James C. Culbertson, MD (1891-1893)
Truman W. Miller, MD (1899)
George H. Simmons, MD (1899-1924)
Morris Fishbein, MD (1924-1949)
Austin Smith, MD (1949-1958)
Johnson F. Hammond, MD (1958-1959)
John H. Talbott, MD (1959-1969)
Hugh H. Hussey, MD (1970-1973)
Robert H. Moser, MD (1973-1975)
William R. Barclay, MD (1975-1982)
George D. Lundberg, MD (1982-1999)
Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD, MPH (2000-2011), Editor in Chief Emerita
Directors Karl Elvin, Nancy Essex, Jaye Mize, Sean O’Donnell, Sue Sherrill, Sara Zimmerman
Managers David Antos, Anthony Bautista, Chris Borden, Debra Camp, Jennifer Carney, Lydia Cruz, Scott Curl, Diane Darnell, Nanette Diaz, Jordynn Farrar, Allison Hughes, Tiffany Jones, John Lash, Colleen Kelly, Chris Meyer, Annemarie Neff, J. D. Neff, Sean Ohlson, Phil O'Leary, Bill Pedone, Susan Price, Erin Spencer, Denise Steinhauser, Joe Wixted
Advertising and Production Services Ahmed Avendano, Kim Boler, Rhonda Bailey Brown, Fin Carter, Mike Deegan, Daniel DeGroot, Euwanaha Joiner-Smith, Joshua Lane, Cindy Rendlen, Ellen Yoshihara
Circulation Services Julie Burton, Ronna Hewitt, Mary Sieck, Geneine Van Someren, Jamaal Vargas
Content Production Systems Mike Bujewski, Nathan Mitre
Digital Production Regina Brownlee, Amanda Camino, Brenda Chandler-Grayer, Emily Dunn, Amy Evers, Maleeka Holden, Teri Hutchison, Dan Knowles, Joshua Lampinen, Natalie Marsh, Patricia E. Panek, Marla Seidell, La'son Diggs Sledge, Julian Wiley
Graphics Joe Amft, James Collver, Maria Duda, Fred Furtner, Carolyn Hall, Maria Kowalkowski
Proofreading Carol Joy Farrell, Maria Giannini, Sasha Grossman, Judith A. Literskis, Teresa H. Omiotek, Michael Ryder
Executive Vice President, Chief Executive Officer James L. Madara, MD
President Patrice A. Harris, MD, MA
President-Elect Susan R. Bailey, MD
Immediate Past President Barbara L. McAneny, MD
Secretary Bobby Mukkamala, MD
Speaker, House of Delegates Bruce A. Scott, MD
Vice-Speaker, House of Delegates Lisa Bohman Egbert, MD
Trustees Grayson W. Armstrong, MD, MPH; Willarda V. Edwards, MD, MBA; Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH (chair); Scott Ferguson, MD; Sandra Adamson Fryhofer, MD; Gerald E. Harmon, MD; William E. Kobler, MD; Russell W. H. Kridel, MD (chair-elect); William A. McDade, MD, PhD; Mario E. Motta, MD; Jack Resneck Jr, MD (immediate past chair); Sarah Mae Smith; Michael Suk, MD, JD, MPH, MBA; Willie Underwood III, MD, MSc, MPH; Kevin W. Williams, MSA
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