Cancer care has undergone a revolution, driven by advances in the understanding of cancer biology and new therapeutics derived from that understanding. Many patients diagnosed as having cancer in the 1990s received relatively ineffective, toxic chemotherapeutics. Today, a patient encountering an oncologist might undergo a tumor biopsy with the goal of evaluating hundreds of oncogenic mutations. That patient then receives one of the many targeted therapeutics (eg, kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies) or immuno-oncology agents in the ever-expanding therapeutic armamentarium, many developed within the past decade.